Presenting for Success Quotes

â€Å"Life’s like a film, compose your own completion Keep accepting, continue imagining We’ve done exactly what we’ve set out to do Thanks to the darlings, the visionaries, and you. † †Kermit the frog â€Å"There are two sorts of individuals †the individuals who come into a room and state, ‘Well, here I am! ’ and the individuals who come in and state, ‘Ah, there you are. ’† †Frederick Collin â€Å"The most noteworthy force at any point presented to humankind is the intensity of decision. Decide to continue no matter what. Hold quick to your fantasies and finish what has been started, even despite depletion, dismissal, and vulnerability. † †Andy Andrews a long time from now you will be increasingly baffled by the things you didn't do than by the ones you did. So lose the anchor. Sail away from the sheltered harbor. Catch the exchange winds your sails. Investigate. Dream. Find. † - Mark Twain â€Å"People regularly state that inspiration doesn't last. All things considered, neither does bathing.That's the reason we suggest it every day! † †Zig Ziglar â€Å"A uplifting mentality won’t assist you with busy, yet it will assist you with showing improvement over negative reasoning. † †Zig Ziglar â€Å"We are what we over and again do. Greatness, along these lines, isn't a demonstration yet a propensity. †Aristotle â€Å"Knowing isn't sufficient; we should apply. Willing isn't sufficient; we should do. † †Johann Wolfgang von Goethe â€Å"You gain quality, mental fortitude and certainty by each involvement with which you truly stop to glance dread in the face†¦ You should do the thing you figure you can't do. † †Eleanor Roosevelt Nothing in this world can replace constancy. Ability won't; nothing is more typical than fruitless individuals with ability. Virtuoso won't; unrewarded virtuoso is very nearly a maxim. Instruction won't; the world is brimming with taught cast offs. Calvin Coolidge May we never let the things we can’t have, or don’t have, or shouldn’t have, ruin our satisfaction in the things we do have and can have. As we esteem our bliss, let us not overlook it, for probably the best exercise in life is figuring out how to be glad without the things we can't or ought not have. †Richard L. Evans Did you ever observe a miserable pony? Did you ever observe feathered creature that had the blues? One motivation behind why winged animals and ponies are not miserable is on the grounds that they are making an effort not to dazzle different flying creatures and ponies. †Dale CarnegieWhen one entryway of satisfaction shuts, another opens; however regularly we look so long at the shut entryway that we don't see the one that has been opened for us. †Helen Keller There are three sorts of individuals in this world: the individuals who get things going, the i ndividuals who watch things occur and the individuals who wonder what occurred. We as a whole have a decision. You can choose which sort of individual you need to be. I have consistently decided to be in the main gathering. †Mary Kay Ash I think there is something, more significant than accepting: Action! The world is loaded with visionaries, there aren't sufficient who will push forward and start to find a way to realize their vision. W. Forgiving Stone What this force is I can't state; all I know is that it exists and it opens up just when a man is in that perspective where he knows precisely what he needs and is completely decided not to stop until he discovers it. †Alexander Graham Bell A man can be as extraordinary as he needs to be. On the off chance that you have faith in yourself and have the fearlessness, the assurance, the devotion, the serious drive and on the off chance that you are happy to forfeit the seemingly insignificant details throughout everyday life a nd take care of the things that are advantageous, it tends to be finished. †Vince Lombardi You have o sing as you needn't bother with the cash, love like you'll never get injured. You must move like nobody is viewing. It's gotta originated from the heart, on the off chance that you need it to work. †Susannah Clark Don't state you need more time. You have the very same number of hours out of every day that were given to Helen Keller, Michaelangelo, Mother Teresa, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Jefferson, and Albert Einstein. †H. Jackson Brown If you need to get some place you need to know where you need to go and how to arrive. At that point never, never, never surrender. †Norman Vincent PealeFor numerous individuals, a reason is better than an accomplishment in light of the fact that an accomplishment, regardless of how extraordinary, leaves you substantiating yourself again later on however a reason can keep going forever. †Eric Hoffer If I were approached to gi ve what I consider the absolute most valuable piece of guidance for all mankind, it would be this: Expect inconvenience as an unavoidable piece of life, and when it comes, hold your head high. Look at it decisively without flinching, and state, â€Å"I will be greater than you. You can't vanquish me. †Ann Landers Crystallize your objectives. Make an arrangement for accomplishing them and set yourself a deadline.Then, with preeminent certainty, assurance and dismissal for deterrents and others' reactions, do your arrangement. †Paul Meyer Goals help center you around territories in both your own and expert life that are significant and important, as opposed to being guided by what others need you to be, do, or achieve. †Catherine Pulsifer Success is getting up toward the beginning of the day, whoever you are, any place you are, anyway old or youthful, and jumping up on the grounds that there's something out there you love to do, that you put stock in, that you're accep table at †something that is greater than you are, and you can barely wait to get at it again today. Whit Hobbs Somehow I can hardly imagine how there are any statures that can't be scaled by somebody who knows the insider facts of making dreams materialize. This exceptional mystery †interest, certainty, mental fortitude, and steadiness, and the best of everything is certainty. At the point when you have confidence in a thing, have faith in it as far as possible, certainly and obvious. †Walt Disney I accept life is continually trying us for our degree of responsibility, and life's most noteworthy prizes are saved for the individuals who show a ceaseless duty to act until they accomplish. This degree of resolve can move mountains, however it must be steady and reliable. †Tony Robbins

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Essay -- Compare Contrast Plato Confuc

Plato Contrasted with Confucius Since the early beginnings of society, where individuals started living in accumulated networks, there can be seen a consistent movement, upon a consistent course of events, of the expanded request of the association of society. In any case, this isn't the sort of progress that was looked for by two broadly known rationalists and instructors, Plato and Confucius. The sort of social change and modification showed in the lessons and compositions of both of these men, inspect a development from social orders saw as disorderly and savage toward social orders comprising of noble man, rehearsing endorsed qualities, ethics, and activities. Confucius and Plato both underscored an ethical lead that went well beyond the socially acknowledged standards of their occasions. Regardless of the fixation on these components in Chinese and Grecian societies, the advancement endeavored by both of these thinkers was not accomplished by their own norms inside their own social orders.      There are a few regular topics going through the essential work of ordered idioms credited to Confucius: accentuation on noble direct, quest for humbleness among individual man, and a quest for an appropriate ruler who is as per â€Å"the Way.† Running all through the whole book of â€Å"The Analects†, Confucius makes reference to numerous qualities that an honorable man ought to have. In any event, starting in the primary part of Book One, Confucius is ascribed with saying, â€Å"Is it not courteous not to disapprove when others neglect to value your abilities?† Other qualities Confucius credited to noble lead incorporate considering the customs and â€Å"The Odes†, humbleness, absence of want for spots of position, inflexible in moral direct, and numerous different elements. By spreading out a premise whereupon a noble man should act, Confucius sets up a standard to gauge the nature all things considered. Setting a standard infers that the re are men above and beneath this set, wanted point, and the word standard additionally shows a proportion of quantitative or subjective worth. By making such a norm, Confucius is promptly ready to start causing social change and progress. In any case, this advancement, however accomplished through focus on social qualities, never arrives at the ability to which Confucius wants it to reach. A few colloquialisms inside The Analects demonstrate that Confucius can't see an aggregation of all longing... ...ty is speculative. It demonstrates to reason that a general public guided by high ethics will have an advancement. In any case, to accept that all defilement will be expelled just by setting administration in office that sticks to the exclusive expectations neglects to perceive the imperfection in man that Plato and Confucius both clearly observe: man needs progress towards common request. From the earliest starting point, man is as of now saw as debased and ethically degenerate. The general public will advance since movement of society has been the characteristic request since the start of human progress. It is the quality and good remaining of this advancement that is being referred to. Utilizing Plato’s strategy for movement, it very well may be seen that society isn't advancing, yet rather being driven indiscriminately down a street. Movement infers the obtaining of information upon a consistent way. Maintaining men leveled out through numbness, and hoisting those with ethically upstanding activities just serves to additionally segregate and extend the hole between the men having information on common request and those only tailing it out of administration to a characterized way. A misguided feeling of progress is made, while most of society stays uninformed of for what reason to be others conscious and common.

Reading comprehension Essay Example

Perusing cognizance Essay Example Perusing cognizance Essay Perusing cognizance Essay You will have two to four perusing cognizance entries, with an aggregate of six to ten inquiries. Perusing cognizance questions for the most part dont show up until about inquiries eight to twelve. ? GRE perusing understanding is not normal for some other perusing you do. Along these lines, you ought not move toward it in the manner you approach other perusing. ? ETS sections are ineffectively composed, however not deliberately. Dont search for concealed implications in the syntactic and complex mistakes. ? Disregard cognizance. On the GRE, you read for one explanation just: to gain focuses. On the off chance that you can acknowledge this reality, youll be far, a long ways ahead. Dont even attempt to peruse the entire entry, simply get a thought what each section is about and what the principle thought of the entire entry is. Dont get hindered in pointless subtleties that may not be considered in the inquiries. ? Blueprint the entry: Read the primary sentence and last sentence of each passage. On your piece paper, write down a couple of notes for each section, at that point record the fundamental thought. This is the thing that we call outlining.Be sure to number the passages in your notes. For instance: first section: ozone depleting substances and nursery impact presented second passage: ozone depleting substances influenced by people, and CFC/ozone model third passage: 2 potential consequences of nursery impact ? At the point when you skim and sum up an entry, you should search for the large topics and fundamental thoughts and skim over the subtleties. You shouldnt speed read. That is, you should back off for the significant stuff and accelerate for the subtleties. ? There are two sorts of GRE understanding sections: science and nonscience. Science entries may manage either the hard realities of some specific science or with a delicate theme, for example, the historical backdrop of science. ? Nonscience entries will manage either a point identified with the humanities or a theme identified with the sociologies. ? Utilize sound judgment. You wont discover an entry contending that writing is dumb, or that history doesnt matter, or that the moon is made of green cheddar. Subsequently, you will frequently have the option to take out answer decisions basically on the grounds that the realities or suppositions they speak to couldnt perhaps be found in ETS perusing passages.However, all the data that will prompt the right answer will consistently be found in the section. This is a fortune chase; seek the section for the appropriate responses. ? Right answers will consistently be politically right. Creators of sections will never tear down others, gatherings of individuals or thoughts. On the off chance that the appropriate response decision says that the motivation behind a section is to show the scholarly contemptibility of our establishing fathers, you can securely dispose of it without perusing the entry. ? Right answers will never be excessively negative, excessively extraordinary, reckless or irrational.Eliminate any answers that fit this classification. ? Wipe out questionable proclamations. ETSs answer will be undeniable. The most straightforward approach to discover this answer is to concentrate on questionable decisions and use process-ofelimination forcefully to kill whatever number of them as could be expected under the circumstances: Certain words settle on decisions exceptionally explicit and subsequently simple to disputemust, each, every, all, will absolutely, consistently, no. Certain words settle on decisions general and in this way hard to disputemay, can, a few, most, sometimes.Vague, general decisions wont consistently be ETSs answer, however ETSs answer will consistently be unquestionable. On the off chance that an announcement says that something is now and then evident, you just need to discover one guide to demonstrate it right. ? Maintain a strategic distance from direct redundancies. ETSs answer will quite often be a summarization, not an immediate reiteration. ? The more intently a decision takes after a considerable piece of the entry, the more uncertain the decision is to be ETSs answer. ? Topic questions, tone questions, and authoritative inquiries are on the whole broad inquiries. You ought to have the option to answer them without glancing back at the section. Express inquiries, inferential inquiries, and scholarly method questions are on the whole explicit inquiries. Youll need to allude back to the section to answer them. ? Many, numerous understudies commit thoughtless errors on LEAST/EXCEPT/NOT questions. Be cautious! Keep in mind, you are searching for the one imbecilic answer among the decisions. ? Triple valid/bogus inquiries are tedious and troublesome. POE will improve your speculating chances significantly. From Princeton Reviews Cracking the System: The GRE (New York: Villard Books, 1990) and Princeton Reviews Cracking the GRE CAT 1999 ed. (New York: Random House,1998).

Platos Republic Three Parts of the Soul Essay Example For Students

Platos Republic Three Parts of the Soul Essay Plato discusses the capacity Of an individual to be ambivalent about activities, for example, drinking when something in their spirit precludes them to do so regardless of whether they want it. This uncertainty can be changed into inward clash between more than one piece of the spirit. One piece of the spirit is the reasonable part and the part that desires, cravings, thirsts and gets energized is the appetitive part (Dodd). Plato at that point distinguishes a third piece of the spirit, the vivacious part, which is utilized to make movements. Hunger sister huge piece of our spirits. It contains both essential wants, which ought to be reveled, (for example, the craving to decimate enough remain alive) and pointless wants, which ought to be constrained, (for example, the longing to eat your whole birthday cake). In spite of the fact that the hunger yearns for some things, Plato says its cash adoring, since cash is required for fulfilling a large portion of these wants. It is in this manner clear to Plato that the discerning piece of the spirit should control, as the rulers in the cubby do, on the grounds that the two of them show the goodness of shrewdness and would hereford be able to practice prescience for the benefit of the whole soul. 441 e) Similarly, similarly as the watchmen help the rulers in keeping up equity inside the city, the energetic piece of the spirit will utilize feelings so as to keep up request and concordance inside the spirit which is equity. These two pieces of the spirit will have the option to control its appetitive part, which may, throu gh its voracious want for cash, endeavor to topple its specific job and rule over the body and in the long run the classes that it isn't normally fit to manage over (AAA). Thusly, equity in the individual and equity in the city would be toppled prompting mayhem and war. The rulers and gatekeepers exist so as to control and direct the makers Who are most of the populace, as the reasonable and lively pieces of the spirit rule the wants of the person. Along these lines an equitable individual would be unified with a lively piece of the spirit that would drive forward through joys and torments so as to complete the objective parts goals on what ought to be dreaded and what ought not (Bibb). This capacity is recognizable as the prudence of mental fortitude, which s clear in the watchmen. Additionally, this example of equal excellencies between the city and the spirit proceeds as a people reason is generally ready to settle on choices about what is invaluable for each part and for the entire soul when he/she has the information related with knowledge, subsequently the wants ought to be kept in a state to balance by the normal part tooth soul so the ruler and the decided both concur that the sane part should manage and not take part in common war (ICC). Taking everything into account, equity in the individual is like equity inside the city here an individual takes care of himself, is his own companion, and blend the three pieces of himself like three restricting notes in a melodic scale (44th). In the city, equity is gotten by the three pieces of society each satisfying their job as well as can be expected, and showing a similar three excellencies of intelligence, fortitude and control. This prompts an amicability between the parts, the most ideal mix, which is portrayed as equity by Plato both inside the city and Within the spirit. This ought to be Obvious as; all things considered, a city is comprised of numerous people. The agreeable or properly requested soul, at that point, is one which rehearses the temperances Of each part. The uprightness Of the hungers is control: the temperance Of the soul is fearlessness; the righteousness of the acumen is intelligence. Through these ideals the human spirit accomplishes a specific accord or trustworthiness, which Plato comprehended as the main genuine bliss deserving of the name. The general motivation behind the Republic is for Plato to comprehend what satisfies individuals, He finds this through the way toward splitting the spirit and perceiving how they cooperate. .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .postImageUrl , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:hover , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:visited , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:active { border:0!important; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:active , .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:hover { haziness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u28217f82 c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u28217f82c3dfc3cf04e0d1e7b03df36b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Timeline History Of Russia 1533-1991 EssayUltimately, on the off chance that you live a simply tip top you live a tip top of sides and your reasonable side starts things out. In the event that you carry on with a vile life you live your first class by respect, triumph, or cash. Most people living out of line lives have an overly fixated point of view. They overlook their different needs and doing whats right only 50 they get what they need. Simply individuals consistently beat and unfair individual and carry on with a more joyful and more full life, His division of the spirit is exceptionally oversimplified by and large. B e that as it may, his individual thoughts were extremely intricate. Plato needed us to think for ourselves to find how we choose to orchestrate our pieces of the spirit.

Step by Step Why It’s Important to Use the Writing Process on Your ACT Essay Prompts

Preparation for the optional ACT Writing test should include practicing with actual ACT essay prompts. It is important to approach practice ACT essay prompts the same way as when you take the ACT—that means reading the prompt and following the steps of the writing process, while also being mindful of the allotted time of 40 minutes. By practicing these steps, you will feel prepared to tackle any prompt served to you on test day. Note: In Fall 2015, the ACT updated the Writing portion of the test. Review the changes here. For a point of reference, let’s take this sample prompt. Read the Prompt No brainer, right? It’s best to read the prompt carefully, however, to make sure you understand your objective. This updated ACT essay prompt (from the revised ACT Writing test beginning Fall 2015) asks you to â€Å"Write a unified coherent essay in which you evaluate multiple perspectives on the increasing presence of intelligent machines.† The ACT Essay scoring guidelines say that to earn the highest score, â€Å"The writer generates an argument that critically engages with multiple perspectives on the given issue.† Start your prewriting with a clear understanding of each perspective and how your essay will analyze them. You don’t want to get off track and then realize later that you aren’t effectively addressing the prompt. Brainstorm After carefully reading the prompt, start quickly jotting down ideas. Prewriting is a great way to decide your position—in other words, which perspective you will support. As you write down the strengths and weaknesses of the three perspectives and come up with solid examples to illustrate those viewpoints, you will start to form your own opinion on the issue, which may align exactly with one of the given perspectives or might be a â€Å"hybrid† of them or even a stance that is completely different. Remember: Scorers aren’t judging you on which side you select. They do, however, want to see how well you analyze each perspective and how convincingly you present your own viewpoint. If you need ideas on how to brainstorm, head over to the University of North Carolina’s Writing Center. Outline After brainstorming, briefly organize your ideas into an organized outline. A good outline will be a map of your essay and how it will flow. Begin by drafting your thesis statement, which will be the heart of your introduction: What is your position on the topic and which one of the given perspectives (or aspects of the given perspectives) do you support? Then analyze each of the perspectives, jotting down the strengths and weaknesses of each position, along with examples. Next, note briefly your own opinion on the issue. Finally, pencil in some concluding thoughts that tie everything together. The University of Washington-Tacoma has a good overview of writing an outline here. Writing Now that you’ve spent a few minutes brainstorming and outlining, creating your ACT essay will be easy—your ideas are already down on paper. Just follow your map! Build an attention-grabbing introduction around your thesis. Then, craft paragraphs around each of the three perspectives and your own position. Finally, end with a solid conclusion that summarizes your essay. Proofreading If time allows, go back and reread your essay to ensure that it clearly states your position and that you didn’t make any blatant spelling or grammatical errors. The ACT scoring guide says errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics may bring down your score. It’s never a good idea to start a trip without thoughtfully mapping your course first—and the same goes for the ACT Writing test. Study the prompt, and then figure out which way you will go. List the steps you’ll take to get there, and then start writing. When you finish, check your work and make sure you didn’t make any costly errors. By following the writing process as you complete practice ACT essay prompts, you’ll be prepared to write a high-quality essay on test day in the allotted time. Related: For an example of a very well-constructed essay, check out the essay that got one student into all eight Ivy League schools. Photo credits: 1st photoby Percy 2nd photoPrime Education

Ancient Greek Architects - Free Essay Example

In todays society, we take architecture for granted. It is everywhere today, but in ancient Greece, it was far rarer. Churches, cathedrals, temples, statues, and big hotels are all examples of modern architecture. Similarly, in ancient Greece there were temples, amphitheaters, and sports arenas; however, they werent everywhere like they are today. Today there isnt one architectural element that every building has in common; though, there was in ancient Greece. Columns were a defining part of Greek architecture and used in the building of their temples, a central structure of their society. Ancient Greek architects created three different orders of classical architecture, which are primarily recognized by the style of columns they used. An order is a combination of a specific style of column with its base and the entablature it supports. The first order created was the Doric order. It has fluted, tapered columns, with no base and a simple capital at the top. One example of the Doric order is the famous Parthenon, which housed the statue of Athena. The second order the Greeks developed was the Ionic Order. These columns are slimmer and straighter with a base at the bottom and a capital that is decorated with scrolls. The Temple of Artemis, which has been named one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, is an example of the Ionic Order. The third and last order developed was the Corinthian Order. It was similar to the Ionic but had additional acanthus and fern leaves next to the scrolls on its capital. An impressive example of this is the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Columns are used frequently throughout Ancient Greek architecture but are most commonly seen in the structure of their temples. Greek temples were the most important public structure in their society. They were not built for congregational worship but to honor and serve as a home to a specific Deity. In the article Greek Temples it states, It was the needs of the gods that were most important. They controlled the forces of nature the sun and rain, which nourished their crops, and the winds that drove their ships. Therefore, the temples were built with exactness and followed a specific architectural order. They were built using the finest materials at first using wood and mud but later changed to using stone and marble. A statue representing the god or goddess was placed in the center of the temple. The priests were the only people allowed in the temple to perform sacred rituals on behalf of the community. Public participation was limited to taking part in religious festivals and processions. These culminated in lavish sacrifices of prime livestock at the gods altar which stood within the temenos but outside the temple proper (Greek Temples.) These festivals were an important part of the Greek community. Austin Cline expressed in the article Method of Sacrifice in Ancient Greece This was a communal affair not only were all of the members of the community there, eating together and bonding socially, but it was believed that the gods were participating directly as well. The importance of the temple was central to the lives of the Ancient Greeks. In Ancient Greek Architecture, columns were a key component to many of their structures. This is frequently seen in the building of their temples, which is a critical component to their community. The design of the columns used reflected the three different architectural orders developed by the Greeks. The temples themselves provided a way for them to house and honor their Gods and Goddess, as well as brought their community together. The influence of Ancient Greek architecture moves far beyond the ancients to modern society and is reflected in our government and public buildings today.

Primate Social Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1742 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Development Essay Social Essay Did you like this example? Primate intelligence and social behaviour Introduction Most primates spend their lives in large social groups and the social brain hypothesis posits that selection has favoured larger brains and more complex cognitive capacities as a means to cope with the challenge of social life (Silk 2007) Research in the field and laboratory shows that sophisticated social cognition underlies social behavior in primate groups. Social behaviour is behaviour and interactions that takes place between organisms of the same species. There are many different levels of social behaviour. The â€Å"simplest† or lowest forms of social behaviour are those which specific biological processes account directly for the behaviour. These are biological behaviours, of which there are three levels (the taxis, biotaxis and biosocial) the biosocial level is the level at which the reciprocal simulative function of other organisms is the source of the groups behaviour. The higher levels of social beha viour are those of plastic adaptive adjustments arising through widened learning capacities and the entrance of thinking. These higher levels are psychological behaviours of which there are two levels. The psychotaxis is the level at which behavioural plasticity becomes increasingly important in directing the course of behavioural development, as in the effects of maternal behaviour on the subsequent behaviour or the gorilla. The second psychological level is the psychosocial level where the development of bonds becomes an important factor in determining an organism’s further behaviour (Greenberg, 1988) These two psychological behaviours, the psychotaxis and phsycosocial levels are the levels of social behaviour that are easiest to observe in a zoo setting. I have further broken these levels up into further categories, these are; Social observation: individuals watching one another Mother and infants: this is the basic social group for many primates. Mother infant bondi ng is essential to teach the infant how to interact properly as an adult. Dominance: Primates and animals that live in groups tend to form â€Å"dominance hierarchies† the rank is learned through play, agnostic interactions and affiliative interactions. Grooming: this is an important affiliative mechanism and is used to strengthen links Communication: this ncludes scents, body postures, gestures, vocalisations Play: attempts to define play behaviour has been historically tricky (Pellengrini 2005) Cooperative feeding: individuals feeing together The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that â€Å"more ‘advanced’ primates make the most use of social behaviour† so first we must look at how we decide what makes a primate more advanced or more intelligent than another and also look at the emergence of intelligence. The social intelligence hypothesis was developed to explain the evolution of primate intelligence and suggests that life in complex social environments was the primary selective pressure for primate cognitive evolution and for enlarged brains (Maclean 2008). It has been suggested that â€Å"intelligence† and brain volume are linked but it remains largely untested. A study by Reader and Laland showed there to be a positive correlation between social learning, innovation and tool use and species’ relative and absolute â€Å"executive† brain volumes. Reader and Laland 2002) Also, relative neocortex size is positively correlated with social group size in primates. Researchers simply do not know how best to measure cognitive ability across species, but a measure of brain size is a good first approximation until more further research can suggest better characteristics, so brain size is how we will divide the zoo primates into levels of intelligence. The primate with the largest brain size is the Western Lowland Gorilla, followed by the Chimpanzee and then the Back Handed Spider Monkey (Kiwanuka, 2010) M ethodology On the 8th of May 2010 three different primates were observed at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. The three primates that were chosen for this study was: The Western Lowland Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Black Handed Spider Monkey. These three primates were chosen because there was at lease six individuals in each enclosure this is important because there needs to be several individuals interacting with each other for it to be possible to effectively observe their social behaviour with each other. Primate groups are important because they show social learning which can lead to the development of temporal stable condition or even proto-culture (Voelkl 2008). There were seven behaviours that we decided would be observable and quantifiable on the day and they were; social observation, dominance, grooming, communication, play, cooperative feeding, mother infant, and presenting. These behaviours were put into a table and it was decided that a tally system would be the easiest meth od of quantifying. One tally was put down for each time the behaviour occurred. So if there was a mother holding her infant for the whole time they were being observed; only one tally was put down for that behaviour. Figure 1 shows what our data sheet looked like on the day. Within a group of three people we all observed the entire enclosure at the same time and marked down a tally each time we saw a behaviour that was on our list. But to avoid marking the same behaviour several times we would discuss sightings of behaviour with each other before marking it down. Each species was observed for 45 minutes at a time by our whole group. It would have been more ideal and accurate to be able to observe all three primate species at around the same time of day and all around feeding time but time constraints on the day made this method unable to be carried out. Social BehaviourGorrillaChimpSpider monkey Dominance5 2 Grooming 13 Communication41 Play71 Co-operative feeding2 Presenting S oicial observation652 Mother infant 21 Figure 1: data sheet for marking down social behaviours for each primate species. Results The Gorilla apeared to show the highest amount of social behaviour(n=9) (figure 2) showing a range of different behaviours with most of their social behaviour being play and social observation. The chimpanzee and spider monkeys showed a lesser amount of social behaviour (n=9, n=6) but also a high proportion of this was social observation behaviours. Figure 2: This graph compares the difference in amount of social behaviour between Gorilla, Chimpanzee and Spider Monkey Chi? test GorillaChimpanzeeSpider MonkeyTotal Passive Behaiour13 (13. 6)6 (4. 7)3 (3. 7)22 Active Behaviour13 (12. 4)3 (4. 3)4 (3. 3)20 Total 269 742 GorillaChimpanzeeMonkeyTotal Observed269742 Expected269741 The above data gives an x? value of zero and a P value of 1 this is not significant. A Chi Squared test cannot give us accurate results from the data collected because there are more than three expected values that are less than 5 so the results are not significant or accurate. Discussion The results gathered proved to be inconclusive because the statistical Chi square test showed no significant results because there were not enough observations to make the analysis reliable. The primates needed to be observed over a longer period of time in order to gain enough data to have reliable results. This study would need to be carried out in a period of months instead of one day. This would make it easier to acquire data from the same time of day for each species. So each day there would be data collected for both feeing time and non feeding time for each of the species. This was definitely a limitation of our experiment because we only had one day to make our observations and the three species were observed at different times of day. The Gorillas were observed during and after their feeding time, giving us more social behaviours to observe. But the Spider Monkey s and Chimpanzees were observed after feeding time and late in the afternoon so they weren’t as active as the Gorillas. It was also a warm sunny day so when observing the Spider Monkeys and Chimps they spent most of their time sunning themselves and not interacting with each other. But the difference between these two was that the Chimpanzees would lie around in groups with all the members close to each other whereas the Spider monkeys were all spread out into their separate spaces in the enclosure. This is supported by Spehar (2009) who explains that spider monkeys live in a flexible fission-fusion social system where group members are not always in constant contact with each other. Studies have shown that Chimpanzees and Spider monkey have similar social structures; they form parties of variable sizes which are smaller when food is scarce. This is very different to the social structure of Gorillas that live in long term groups with a stable membership this suggests th at the principles underlying social evolution in the Spider Monkeys and Chimpanzees are different from the Gorillas so we could expect to experience different amounts or different types of social behaviour between these species (Wrangham, 1980) There is a general trend that can be concluded from our results if we look at the amount of social behaviour that was observed, and that is that the Gorilla showed the greatest amount of social behaviour, followed by the Chimpanzee then the Spider Monkey which both showed similar amounts of social behaviour. This supports our hypothesis but a strong conclusion cannot be made because they were observed at different times of day and we cannot make a significant statistical analysis because of the lack of data, so we cannot accept nor prove our hypothesis that â€Å"more ‘advanced’ primate’s make the most use of social behaviour† This experiment would be valuable if we had more time, better knowledge and more insight i nto how to observe social behaviour. Having more time to observe the primates would improve our observations because we would be able to recognize the different behaviours more clearly giving us stronger results and a larger set of data to work with. References Greenburg G. and Tobach E (1988) Evolution of social behavior and integrative levels. Schneirla conference series volume 3 Kiwanuka B. (2010) Gorilla Intelligence and That of the Other Great Apes, accessed: 13/5/2010. https://www. buzzle. com/articles/gorilla-intelligence-other-great-apes. html Manclean E. L. , Merritt D. J. , Brannon E. M. (2008) Social complexity predicts transitive reasoning in prosimian primates. Animal Behaviour 76 479-486 Pellengrini AD and Smith PK (2005) the nature of play: great apes and humans. The Guilford Press New York Silk J. B. (2007) Components of Fitness in Primate Groups. Science. 317 (5843), 1347-1351 Spehar S. N. ,Link A. and Di Fiore A. (2009) Male and female range use in a group o f white-bellied spider monkeys (Ateles belzebuth) in Yasuni National Park, Ecuador Voelkl B. and Noe R. (2008) The influence of social structure on the propagation of social information in artificial primate groups: a graph-based simulation approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 252 (1) 77-86 Wrangham R. W. and Smuts B. B (1980) Sex differences in the behavioural ecology of chimpanzees in the Gombe National park, Tanzania. Journals of reproduction and fertility Ltd. 28, 13-31 Don’t waste time! 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